frendo – Latin verb conjugation

Dictionary lookup word

(Ind. Present 1.sg.):

Active Nominal Forms

Infinitive: Present participle: Future participle: frēnsúrus
Gerund: Gerundive:

Passive Nominal Forms

Infinitive: Perfect participle:

Active

Passive

Translations

Etymology

1. Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”), cognate with Proto-Germanic *grindaną (“to grind”). Another plausible cognate is Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”), but this requires an alternative root ending in *-d-.
2. More information
3. Sihler considers the development of *gʷʰr- to Latin fr- in this word surprising since a labiovelar consonant was generally delabialized in Latin when followed by another consonant (e.g. *gʷréh₂us > gravis). However, Sihler notes that the cluster *-gʷʰr- also retained its labialization in medial position, judging by the form of Latin febris from *dʰegʷʰ-. A separate cause of doubt is comparison with *gʰr- and *gʰl-, which are hypothesized to have developed into gr- and gl- in some Latin words, such as glaber. However, examples such as glaber are rare, and their precise cause is disputed. Weiss 2018 argues that the g- in glaber was caused by a process of aspirate dissimilation that can be dated after a change from *-ndʰ- to *-nd- in Proto-Italic: this chronology would prevent dissimilation from applying to the root *gʷʰrendʰ-. See: Proto-Germanic '*grindaną'.

Additional Information

Cognates

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Sample Sentences

Vulgate Verses