heven – Middle English verb conjugation

Infinitive

heven; to heven; heve

Participles

Present	hevynge; hevende
Past	hoven; yhoven; hove; yhove; heven; yheven; heve; yheve; heved; yheved

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Singular	heve
Plural	heveth; heve

Verbs conjugated like heven

heven,

Etymology

1. Inherited from Old English hef-, inflected stem of hebban (retained dialectally as hebben), from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift”).
2. Development of the conjugation
3. This verb was originally a class 6 strong verb with an irregular stem hebb-, but in Midland Middle English, the Anglian Old English present stem hef- and the unusual persistence of the umlauted past participle hefen made it seem like a class 5 strong verb (compare e.g. ġefen, past participle of Anglian Old English ġefen), prompting the development of the analogical past singular and plural stems haf- and past plural heve- that converted it into a regular member of class 5 when adopted. Due to the influence of verbs such as kneden which varied between classes 4 and 5, a class 4 past participle (y)hove(n) was also created in both varieties that underwent this analogy (converting the verb to class 4 in that case) and those that did not. Modern nautical hove, hoven represents the generalisation of the past participial vowel as is usual for class 4 verbs in modern English (e.g. speak:spoke:spoken).
4. An alternative means of dealing with the paradigmatic irregularities inherited from Old English was to convert this verb into a weak verb; this treatment already appears in late Old English hefde, hefd and culminates in usual modern heaved (the alternative heft is an Early Modern development; it is presumably on the model of leave:left with support from the noun heft). See: Proto-Germanic '*habjaną'.

Verbs referencing "heven"

English heave, Norwegian, nynorsk hive, German, old spelling hieven, Norwegian, nynorsk hiva.

Sample Sentences

Cognates

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